R packages used in this section

library(haven)
library(readxl)
library(tidyverse)

── Attaching core tidyverse packages ──────────────────────── tidyverse 2.0.0 ──
✔ dplyr     1.1.4     ✔ readr     2.1.5
✔ forcats   1.0.0     ✔ stringr   1.5.1
✔ ggplot2   3.5.1     ✔ tibble    3.2.1
✔ lubridate 1.9.3     ✔ tidyr     1.3.1
✔ purrr     1.0.2     
── Conflicts ────────────────────────────────────────── tidyverse_conflicts() ──
✖ dplyr::filter() masks stats::filter()
✖ dplyr::lag()    masks stats::lag()
ℹ Use the conflicted package (<http://conflicted.r-lib.org/>) to force all conflicts to become errors

{tidyverse} includes 8 useful packages
To load a data, you need {readr} which is included in {tidyverse}

1. data frame

1.1 How to make a variable

A variable is also called a vector
A vector is the smallest unit in data handling
A vector is an object which includes more than one value (or one element) with the same class (such as numeric, character, factor,…)
All of the element in a vector should be the same variable class
Let’s make a vector (= variable) including 8 elements (= values)
Name it "id"

id <- c(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8)

Make another variable including 8 different names
Let’s name it "name"

name <- c("Joe", "Carol", "Mike", "Ross", "Shira", "Inha", "Jih-wen", "Amital")

Make another variable including test scores
Let’s name it "score"

score <- c(43, 74, 80, 37, 20, 83, 64, 35)

1.2 Make a data frame with variables

Two ways of making a data frame 1. data.frame(var1, var2,....)
2. tidyverse::tibble(var1, var2,...) — Recommended!

・tidyverse::tibble() is an extended version of data.frame()
・tidyverse::tibble() is recommended in terms of versatility

Let’s make a data frame using tibble() here
Load {tidyverse} to use tibble()

library(tidyverse)

Let’s merge these three variables and make a data frame, df1

df1 <- tibble(id, name, score)
df1

# A tibble: 8 × 3
     id name    score
  <dbl> <chr>   <dbl>
1     1 Joe        43
2     2 Carol      74
3     3 Mike       80
4     4 Ross       37
5     5 Shira      20
6     6 Inha       83
7     7 Jih-wen    64
8     8 Amital     35

1.3 Add a new variable to data frame

You can add a new variable (major) to the data frame you made df1 with the following R code:

df1$gakka <- c("Poli-sci", "Econ", "Stat", "History", "Poli-sci", "Econ", "Stat", "Business")
df1

# A tibble: 8 × 4
     id name    score gakka   
  <dbl> <chr>   <dbl> <chr>   
1     1 Joe        43 Poli-sci
2     2 Carol      74 Econ    
3     3 Mike       80 Stat    
4     4 Ross       37 History 
5     5 Shira      20 Poli-sci
6     6 Inha       83 Econ    
7     7 Jih-wen    64 Stat    
8     8 Amital     35 Business

Let’s add another variable (gender) to df1

df1$gender <- c("male", "female", "male", "male", "female", "male", "male", "female")
df1

# A tibble: 8 × 5
     id name    score gakka    gender
  <dbl> <chr>   <dbl> <chr>    <chr> 
1     1 Joe        43 Poli-sci male  
2     2 Carol      74 Econ     female
3     3 Mike       80 Stat     male  
4     4 Ross       37 History  male  
5     5 Shira      20 Poli-sci female
6     6 Inha       83 Econ     male  
7     7 Jih-wen    64 Stat     male  
8     8 Amital     35 Business female

1.4 How to merge data frames

Let’s make another data frame, df2
df2 includes the following two varibles:
①id
②prefecture
Let’s make a vector (= variable) including 8 elements (= values)
Name it "id"

id <- c(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8)

Make another variable including 8 different cities they come from
Let’s name it "city"

city <- c("Eugene", "Portland", "Chicago", "Oxnard", "Seattle", "Soeul", "Taipei", "Seattle")

Let’s merge these two variables and make a data frame, df2

df2 <- tibble(id, city)
df2

# A tibble: 8 × 2
     id city    
  <dbl> <chr>   
1     1 Eugene  
2     2 Portland
3     3 Chicago 
4     4 Oxnard  
5     5 Seattle 
6     6 Soeul   
7     7 Taipei  
8     8 Seattle

df2 <- tibble(id, city)
df2

# A tibble: 8 × 2
     id city    
  <dbl> <chr>   
1     1 Eugene  
2     2 Portland
3     3 Chicago 
4     4 Oxnard  
5     5 Seattle 
6     6 Soeul   
7     7 Taipei  
8     8 Seattle

Merge df1 and df2 by id which is included both in df1 and df2
Name the merged data frame as M

M <- merge(df1, df2, by = "id")
M

  id    name score    gakka gender     city
1  1     Joe    43 Poli-sci   male   Eugene
2  2   Carol    74     Econ female Portland
3  3    Mike    80     Stat   male  Chicago
4  4    Ross    37  History   male   Oxnard
5  5   Shira    20 Poli-sci female  Seattle
6  6    Inha    83     Econ   male    Soeul
7  7 Jih-wen    64     Stat   male   Taipei
8  8  Amital    35 Business female  Seattle

2. Basics on data handling

2.1 Fila and folder

A computer file is a computer resource for recording data in a computer storage device, primarily identified by its file name.
In computers, a folder is the virtual location for applications and computer files (e.g., documents, data, etc.).
Folders help in storing and organizing files and data in the computer.
A directory is a location for storing files on your computer.
In the following example, you see 4 folders (backdoor, maps, R, RDD) on the left side.

Folder R has 4 files with two types of extensions (.html & .Rmd)
A folder does not have an extension.
A folder is also called a directory
R Project folder = Working directory

2.2 Path

A path is a string of characters used to uniquely identify a location in a directory structure.
It is composed by following the directory tree hierarchy in which components, separated by a delimiting character, the slash (/), represent each directory.
If you want to know where you are, you type getwd(), meaning get working directory, then you see the path showing where you are.
For instance, the following is the result I get when I type getwd() on my computer:

getwd() "/Users/asanomasahiko/Dropbox/statistics/class_materials/R"

If you are a Windows user, then you see C drive instead of Users

2.3 Working directory

You see the folder, R, on the right end in the path above
This path means that you are working at a folder R, which is the name of your R Project folder (= working directory)
You can set the path to assign your working directory by using setwd()
・But, it is not efficient for you to assign your working directory every time you knit on RStudio
・Once you make a R Project folder, you can save time in assigning the path, reading csv files, and saving figures you made

2.4 User names and folder names

You should not use Japanese as a file name and a directory name
You should not insert space as a file name and a directory name
You should use half size alphabet, numbers, and symbols as a file name and a directory name
Avoid using numbers and symbols as the first letter of a file name and a directory name
Example:

Bad:	2021_grades (start with numbers)
Good:	grades_2021
Bad:	grades 2021 (a space inserted between `2021` & `grades`)
Good:	grades2021

3. Load an embedded data in R

R and R package have various embedded data
Type data() in Console and hit the return key (or Enter key)

data()

You see the following:

For instance, check the 7 th data, state.x77, and show the first 6 rows:
Type head(state.x77) in Console and hit the return key (or Enter key)

head(state.x77)

           Population Income Illiteracy Life Exp Murder HS Grad Frost   Area
Alabama          3615   3624        2.1    69.05   15.1    41.3    20  50708
Alaska            365   6315        1.5    69.31   11.3    66.7   152 566432
Arizona          2212   4530        1.8    70.55    7.8    58.1    15 113417
Arkansas         2110   3378        1.9    70.66   10.1    39.9    65  51945
California      21198   5114        1.1    71.71   10.3    62.6    20 156361
Colorado         2541   4884        0.7    72.06    6.8    63.9   166 103766

Let’s display the last 6 rows:
Type tail(state.x77) in Console and hit the return key (or Enter key)

tail(state.x77)

              Population Income Illiteracy Life Exp Murder HS Grad Frost  Area
Vermont              472   3907        0.6    71.64    5.5    57.1   168  9267
Virginia            4981   4701        1.4    70.08    9.5    47.8    85 39780
Washington          3559   4864        0.6    71.72    4.3    63.5    32 66570
West Virginia       1799   3617        1.4    69.48    6.7    41.6   100 24070
Wisconsin           4589   4468        0.7    72.48    3.0    54.5   149 54464
Wyoming              376   4566        0.6    70.29    6.9    62.9   173 97203

4. Load a data besides embedded data in R

Load a data depending on the class of data

You have two types of data: text data & binary data
You can tell the difference by extension

text data

Data people understand
.txt file・・・You use this data when you analyze text
.tsv file・・・Data divided not with a comma, but with a tab
.html file・・・You use this data when you want to do web scraping and gather data
.csv file: (csv means comma-separated values)
→　RStudio uses most commonly use a .csv file

binary data

Data PC can understand but people cannot without using a particular software
.xls file・・・Data used on Excel
.xlsx file・・・Data used on Excel (newer than.xls)
.dta file・・・Data used in Stata
.rds file・・・Data for R only

Why you should not use MS Office Excel but LibreOffice

→ LibreOffice is for free!
→ You can assign character encoding
→ You can avoid the garbled characters

If you use data including Japanese, it is very likely for you to have the garbled characters

Solution:

Using LibreOffice and assign locale = locale(encoding = "cp932") as follows:

df <- read_csv("data/hr96-24.csv", 
na = ".",
locale = locale(encoding = "cp932"))

4.1 How to read a `.csv` file

Let’s read the lower house election data in Japan: 1996-2021 (hr96-24.csv)
Make a folder named data in your R Project folder
Click hr96-24.csv and download it to your computer
Put hr96-24.csv into the data folder within your your R Project folder
Read the election data and name it as df

df <- read_csv("data/hr96-24.csv", 
na = ".")

Check whether you safely read the data

hr96-24.csv is a collection of Japanese lower house election data covering 9 national elections (1996, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2009, 2012, 2014, 2017, 2021）
Check the name of variables hr contains

names(df)

 [1] "year"          "pref"          "ku"            "kun"          
 [5] "wl"            "rank"          "nocand"        "seito"        
 [9] "j_name"        "gender"        "name"          "previous"     
[13] "age"           "exp"           "status"        "vote"         
[17] "voteshare"     "eligible"      "turnout"       "seshu_dummy"  
[21] "jiban_seshu"   "nojiban_seshu"

Display the first 6 rows of the data

head(df)

# A tibble: 6 × 22
   year pref  ku      kun    wl  rank nocand seito  j_name gender name  previous
  <dbl> <chr> <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>  <dbl> <chr>  <chr>  <chr>  <chr>    <dbl>
1  1996 愛知  aichi     1     1     1      7 新進   河村…  male   KAWA…        2
2  1996 愛知  aichi     1     0     2      7 自民   今枝…  male   IMAE…        2
3  1996 愛知  aichi     1     0     3      7 民主   佐藤…  male   SATO…        2
4  1996 愛知  aichi     1     0     4      7 共産   岩中…  female IWAN…        0
5  1996 愛知  aichi     1     0     5      7 文化…  伊東…  female ITO,…        0
6  1996 愛知  aichi     1     0     6      7 国民党 山田浩 male   YAMA…        0
# ℹ 10 more variables: age <dbl>, exp <dbl>, status <dbl>, vote <dbl>,
#   voteshare <dbl>, eligible <dbl>, turnout <dbl>, seshu_dummy <dbl>,
#   jiban_seshu <chr>, nojiban_seshu <chr>

If you should have the garbled characters, then use the following R code:

df <- read_csv("data/hr96-24.csv", 
na = ".",
locale = locale(encoding = "cp932"))

read.csv() and read_csv() ・read.csv() is a R base command
・read_csv() is a R command you can use only after you finish loading package {readr} which is included in {tidyverse}
・You can use read.csv() and read_csv() when you read a csv file
・Both work fine, but using read_csv() is way faster and reliable especially when you read a big data

If you download a csv file which includes Japanese, you need to be careful

When you fail to read a csv file — 2 ways of solutions:

Open your csv file on your EXCEL

If you see the garbled characters, you should go check the csv file you want read (in this case, hr96-24.csv) and open the file as a .xls or .xlsx file on your EXCEL
It is very likely that you see the following the garbled characters:

You go to File and Choose Save as
Choose CSV UTF-8 (csv.) and save it

Open your csv file on Libre Office

Choose Unicode (UTF-8) on Libre Office

If you still cannot open hr96-24.csv, then use the following R code:

hr <- read_csv("data/hr96-24.csv", 
na = ".",
locale = locale(encoding = "cp932"))

4.2 How to read an `.xls[x]` file

You need to install and load {readxl} to read .xls[x] file

library(readxl)

Suppose you want to read Freedom House Data
Download data/FH_Country.xls to your computer and load it

fh <- read_excel("data/FH_Country.xls")

It is important to keep in mind that loading a data to your computer is just a beginning of an empirical analysis. You need to clean and customize it before starting your empirical analysis

4.3 How to read an `.dta` file

A .dta file is binary data
You need to install and load {haven} to read .dta file

library(haven)

Suppose you want to load the replicatgion data of Bruce Russett and John R. Oneal (2001) “Triangulating Peace”
Download TRIANGLE.DTA to your computer and load it

triangle <- read_dta("data/TRIANGLE.DTA")
head(triangle)

# A tibble: 6 × 19
  statea stateb  year dependa dependb demauta demautb allies dispute1 logdstab
   <dbl>  <dbl> <dbl>   <dbl>   <dbl>   <dbl>   <dbl>  <dbl>    <dbl>    <dbl>
1      2     20  1920  0.0157   0.280      10       9      0        0     5.82
2      2     20  1921  0.0115   0.224      10      10      0        0     5.82
3      2     20  1922  0.0113   0.201      10      10      0        0     5.82
4      2     20  1923  0.0112   0.213      10      10      0        0     5.82
5      2     20  1924  0.0110   0.213      10      10      0        0     5.82
6      2     20  1925  0.0108   0.191      10      10      0        0     5.82
# ℹ 9 more variables: lcaprat2 <dbl>, smigoabi <dbl>, opena <dbl>, openb <dbl>,
#   minrpwrs <dbl>, noncontg <dbl>, smldmat <dbl>, smldep <dbl>, dyadid <dbl>

Check the names of variables triangle includes

names(triangle)

 [1] "statea"   "stateb"   "year"     "dependa"  "dependb"  "demauta" 
 [7] "demautb"  "allies"   "dispute1" "logdstab" "lcaprat2" "smigoabi"
[13] "opena"    "openb"    "minrpwrs" "noncontg" "smldmat"  "smldep"  
[19] "dyadid"

If you want to change the extension of RIANGLE.DTA to RIANGLE.csv, use the following R code:

write_excel_csv(triangle, "data/triangle.csv")

Check if you see triangle.csv in data folder within your R Project folder

4.4 How to rea an `.Rds` file

You need to install and load {readr} to read Rds file
Suppose you want to load hr96-21.Rds to your computer
Since {tidyverse} contains {readr}, you need to install and load either of these two packages:
Let’s load {readr} here:

library(readr)

hr <- read::read_rds("hr96-21.Rds")

5. What you can do with `{tidyverse}`?

{tidyverse} contains multiple useful R packages for data manipiration and data visualization

To use {tidyverse}, you need to take the following 2 steps:

1. install `{tidyverse}`

You type install.packages(“tidyverse”) in Console
→ Hit the Return key
You need to do this only once

install.packages("tidyverse")

2. Read `{tidyverse}`

You type library(tidyverse) in a chunk
→　Click knit

library(tidyverse)

5.1 Pipes (`%>%`)

・pipes (%>%) allow you to express a sequence of multiple operations
・Pipes can greatly simplify your code and make your operations more intuitive
・The pipe operator (%>%) is automatically imported as part of the {tidyverse} library
・Pipes (%>%) are included in {magrittr} package
・{magrittr} package is included in {tidyverse} package
→　You need to read either of the following packages to use the pipe operator (%>%)

library(magrittr)  
library(tidyverse)

How pipes (%>%) are used

The pipe operator (%>%) automatically passes the output from the first line into the next line as the input

Let’s take a look at an exmple of using the pipe

Generate vectors from 1 to 10

1:10

 [1]  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10

Calculate 1 + 2 + .... + 10

sum(1:10)

[1] 55

If you use pipe (%>%), you write R code as follows:

1:10 %>%  # Generate vectors from 1 to 10 
  sum()  # Add them all

[1] 55

If you want to calculate the square root, …

1:10 %>%# Generate vectors from 1 to 10 
  sum() %>% # Add them all  
  sqrt()   # Calculate the square root

[1] 7.416198

Generate vectors from 1 to 10 → Add them all → Calculate the square root
This is easier to interpret the sequence of operations

If you don’t use pipes,…

sqrt(sum(1:10))

[1] 7.416198

This is less intuitive because you have to think backward
Calculate the square roof ← Add them all ← Generate vectors

How to interpret R code with pipes (%>%) ・You can interpret the R code you made in 4.1 A simple scatter plot as follows:

df1 %>%　　  　　 # Use df1 as data
  ggplot(aes(x = math,   # Assign x = math 
 y = stat,   # Assign y = stat
 color = gender)) + # Dots are colored by gender
  geom_point()  # Draw a scatter plot

・df1 %>% ggplot() means the first argument of ggplot() is df1 Interpretation of the R code:
・Use df1 as data
→ Assign x = math
→ Assign y = stat
→ Dots are colored by gender
→ Draw a scatter plot
・You don’t have to go backward in interpreting the R code
・R code with pipes (%>%) are intuitive and easy to follow

5.2 Data preparation

dplyr is one of the {tidyverse} packages which is powerful in manipulating data
You can easily select a row and column with {dplyr}

Data preparation:hr96-24.csv ・Download Japanese lower house election data (1996-2021): hr96-24.csv
・In your RProject folder, make a new folder, named it data, and put hr96-24.csv in it

hr <- read_csv("data/hr96-24.csv", na = ".")

・hr96-24.csv is a collection of Japanese lower house election data covering 9 national elections (1996, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2009, 2012, 2014, 2017, 2021）
・Check the name of variables hr contains

names(hr)

 [1] "year"          "pref"          "ku"            "kun"          
 [5] "wl"            "rank"          "nocand"        "seito"        
 [9] "j_name"        "gender"        "name"          "previous"     
[13] "age"           "exp"           "status"        "vote"         
[17] "voteshare"     "eligible"      "turnout"       "seshu_dummy"  
[21] "jiban_seshu"   "nojiban_seshu"

・hr has the following 23 variables

variable	detail
year	Election year (1996-2017)
pref	Prefecture
ku	Electoral district name
kun	Number of electoral district
rank	Ascending order of votes
wl	0 = loser / 1 = single-member district (smd) winner / 2 = zombie winner
nocand	Number of candidates in each district
seito	Candidate’s affiliated party (in Japanese)
j_name	Candidate’s name (Japanese)
name	Candidate’s name (English)
previous	Previous wins
gender	Candidate’s gender:“male”, “female”
age	Candidate’s age
exp	Election expenditure (yen) spent by each candidate
status	0 = challenger / 1 = incumbent / 2 = former incumbent
vote	votes each candidate garnered
voteshare	Vote share (%)
eligible	Eligible voters in each district
turnout	Turnout in each district (%)
castvote	Total votes cast in each district
seshu_dummy	0 = Not-hereditary candidates, 1 = hereditary candidate
jiban_seshu	Relationship between candidate and his predecessor
nojiban_seshu	Relationship between candidate and his predecessor

・Check the data frame (hr) you get

names(hr)

 [1] "year"          "pref"          "ku"            "kun"          
 [5] "wl"            "rank"          "nocand"        "seito"        
 [9] "j_name"        "gender"        "name"          "previous"     
[13] "age"           "exp"           "status"        "vote"         
[17] "voteshare"     "eligible"      "turnout"       "seshu_dummy"  
[21] "jiban_seshu"   "nojiban_seshu"

{dplyr} is one of the {tidyverse} packages which is powerful in manipulating data
Using hr, let’s take a look at what we can do with dplyr

5.2 Select a column: `select()`

Using select(), you can select a column (or columns) you want from the data frame

How to use :Without using pipe %>% select(data frame, Var1, Var2, ...)

The pipe operator (%>%) automatically passes the output from the first line (in this case, data frame) into the next line (in this case, select()) as the input

How to use :Without use pipe %>% data frame %>% select(Var1, Var2,...)

Display the variable names included in the data frame hr

names(hr)

 [1] "year"          "pref"          "ku"            "kun"          
 [5] "wl"            "rank"          "nocand"        "seito"        
 [9] "j_name"        "gender"        "name"          "previous"     
[13] "age"           "exp"           "status"        "vote"         
[17] "voteshare"     "eligible"      "turnout"       "seshu_dummy"  
[21] "jiban_seshu"   "nojiban_seshu"

You select 4 variables (year, ku, kun, seito, j_name) from the data frame hr

hr %>%   
  select(year, ku, kun, seito, j_name)

# A tibble: 10,773 × 5
    year ku      kun seito          j_name    
   <dbl> <chr> <dbl> <chr>          <chr>     
 1  1996 aichi     1 新進           河村たかし
 2  1996 aichi     1 自民           今枝敬雄  
 3  1996 aichi     1 民主           佐藤泰介  
 4  1996 aichi     1 共産           岩中美保子
 5  1996 aichi     1 文化フォーラム 伊東マサコ
 6  1996 aichi     1 国民党         山田浩    
 7  1996 aichi     1 無所           浅野光雪  
 8  1996 aichi     2 新進           青木宏之  
 9  1996 aichi     2 自民           田辺広雄  
10  1996 aichi     2 民主           古川元久  
# ℹ 10,763 more rows

5.2.1 Select a column (select consequtive variables)

If you want to select consequtive variables, then you can use an operator :

hr %>%  
  select(c(year:j_name)) # Select the 1st to the 9th consequtive variable

# A tibble: 10,773 × 9
    year pref  ku      kun    wl  rank nocand seito          j_name    
   <dbl> <chr> <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>  <dbl> <chr>          <chr>     
 1  1996 愛知  aichi     1     1     1      7 新進           河村たかし
 2  1996 愛知  aichi     1     0     2      7 自民           今枝敬雄  
 3  1996 愛知  aichi     1     0     3      7 民主           佐藤泰介  
 4  1996 愛知  aichi     1     0     4      7 共産           岩中美保子
 5  1996 愛知  aichi     1     0     5      7 文化フォーラム 伊東マサコ
 6  1996 愛知  aichi     1     0     6      7 国民党         山田浩    
 7  1996 愛知  aichi     1     0     7      7 無所           浅野光雪  
 8  1996 愛知  aichi     2     1     1      8 新進           青木宏之  
 9  1996 愛知  aichi     2     0     2      8 自民           田辺広雄  
10  1996 愛知  aichi     2     2     3      8 民主           古川元久  
# ℹ 10,763 more rows

Put another object name and save it ・Here, what you did is temporarily select variables and display them ・You did not save it as an object
・Let’s check how hr looks now

names(hr)

 [1] "year"          "pref"          "ku"            "kun"          
 [5] "wl"            "rank"          "nocand"        "seito"        
 [9] "j_name"        "gender"        "name"          "previous"     
[13] "age"           "exp"           "status"        "vote"         
[17] "voteshare"     "eligible"      "turnout"       "seshu_dummy"  
[21] "jiban_seshu"   "nojiban_seshu"

・The object hr has 22 variables
・If you want to use an object with 9 variables, you need to save it with different object name from hr, such as hr1

hr1 <- hr %>% 
  select(c(year:j_name)) # Select the 1st to the 9th consequtive variable

Check hr1

names(hr1)

[1] "year"   "pref"   "ku"     "kun"    "wl"     "rank"   "nocand" "seito" 
[9] "j_name"

・This is how you get what you want

5.2.2 Simultaneously select a column and change the column name

Using select(), you can simultaneously select a column and change the column name
When you select a column, you assign a new name = old name
For instance, suppose you want to select 6 variables (year, ku, kun, seito, j_name, vote) from the data frame hr and change j_name to namae

hr %>% 
  select(year, ku, kun, seito, namae = j_name, vote)

# A tibble: 10,773 × 6
    year ku      kun seito          namae       vote
   <dbl> <chr> <dbl> <chr>          <chr>      <dbl>
 1  1996 aichi     1 新進           河村たかし 66876
 2  1996 aichi     1 自民           今枝敬雄   42969
 3  1996 aichi     1 民主           佐藤泰介   33503
 4  1996 aichi     1 共産           岩中美保子 22209
 5  1996 aichi     1 文化フォーラム 伊東マサコ   616
 6  1996 aichi     1 国民党         山田浩       566
 7  1996 aichi     1 無所           浅野光雪     312
 8  1996 aichi     2 新進           青木宏之   56101
 9  1996 aichi     2 自民           田辺広雄   44938
10  1996 aichi     2 民主           古川元久   43804
# ℹ 10,763 more rows

5.2.3 Change the name of a variable

Using rename(), you can change the name of a variable
Suppose you want to change the variable names as follows:
・ku => senkyoku
・seito => party

hr %>% 
  rename(senkyoku = ku, 
         party = seito)

# A tibble: 10,773 × 22
    year pref  senkyoku   kun    wl  rank nocand party       j_name gender name 
   <dbl> <chr> <chr>    <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>  <dbl> <chr>       <chr>  <chr>  <chr>
 1  1996 愛知  aichi        1     1     1      7 新進        河村…  male   KAWA…
 2  1996 愛知  aichi        1     0     2      7 自民        今枝…  male   IMAE…
 3  1996 愛知  aichi        1     0     3      7 民主        佐藤…  male   SATO…
 4  1996 愛知  aichi        1     0     4      7 共産        岩中…  female IWAN…
 5  1996 愛知  aichi        1     0     5      7 文化フォー… 伊東…  female ITO,…
 6  1996 愛知  aichi        1     0     6      7 国民党      山田浩 male   YAMA…
 7  1996 愛知  aichi        1     0     7      7 無所        浅野…  male   ASAN…
 8  1996 愛知  aichi        2     1     1      8 新進        青木…  male   AOKI…
 9  1996 愛知  aichi        2     0     2      8 自民        田辺…  male   TANA…
10  1996 愛知  aichi        2     2     3      8 民主        古川…  male   FURU…
# ℹ 10,763 more rows
# ℹ 11 more variables: previous <dbl>, age <dbl>, exp <dbl>, status <dbl>,
#   vote <dbl>, voteshare <dbl>, eligible <dbl>, turnout <dbl>,
#   seshu_dummy <dbl>, jiban_seshu <chr>, nojiban_seshu <chr>

5.2.4 How NOT to select a variable

If you want to select 20 variables from 22 variables, it would be more efficient to assign the variables you DO NOT select
Suppose you DO NOT want to select the year and pref from the data frame hr, you use the following R code:

hr %>% 
  select(!c(year, pref))

# A tibble: 10,773 × 20
   ku      kun    wl  rank nocand seito       j_name gender name  previous   age
   <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>  <dbl> <chr>       <chr>  <chr>  <chr>    <dbl> <dbl>
 1 aichi     1     1     1      7 新進        河村…  male   KAWA…        2    47
 2 aichi     1     0     2      7 自民        今枝…  male   IMAE…        2    72
 3 aichi     1     0     3      7 民主        佐藤…  male   SATO…        2    53
 4 aichi     1     0     4      7 共産        岩中…  female IWAN…        0    43
 5 aichi     1     0     5      7 文化フォー… 伊東…  female ITO,…        0    51
 6 aichi     1     0     6      7 国民党      山田浩 male   YAMA…        0    51
 7 aichi     1     0     7      7 無所        浅野…  male   ASAN…        0    45
 8 aichi     2     1     1      8 新進        青木…  male   AOKI…        2    51
 9 aichi     2     0     2      8 自民        田辺…  male   TANA…        0    71
10 aichi     2     2     3      8 民主        古川…  male   FURU…        0    30
# ℹ 10,763 more rows
# ℹ 9 more variables: exp <dbl>, status <dbl>, vote <dbl>, voteshare <dbl>,
#   eligible <dbl>, turnout <dbl>, seshu_dummy <dbl>, jiban_seshu <chr>,
#   nojiban_seshu <chr>

Using operators like c() and :, you DO NOT select consequtive variables
Suppose you DO NOT want to select the consequtive 7 variables from year to nocand, you use the following R code:

hr %>% 
  select(!c(year:nocand))

# A tibble: 10,773 × 15
   seito       j_name gender name  previous   age     exp status  vote voteshare
   <chr>       <chr>  <chr>  <chr>    <dbl> <dbl>   <dbl>  <dbl> <dbl>     <dbl>
 1 新進        河村…  male   KAWA…        2    47  9.83e6      1 66876      40  
 2 自民        今枝…  male   IMAE…        2    72  9.31e6      2 42969      25.7
 3 民主        佐藤…  male   SATO…        2    53  9.23e6      1 33503      20.1
 4 共産        岩中…  female IWAN…        0    43  2.18e6      0 22209      13.3
 5 文化フォー… 伊東…  female ITO,…        0    51 NA           0   616       0.4
 6 国民党      山田浩 male   YAMA…        0    51 NA           0   566       0.3
 7 無所        浅野…  male   ASAN…        0    45 NA           0   312       0.2
 8 新進        青木…  male   AOKI…        2    51  1.29e7      1 56101      32.9
 9 自民        田辺…  male   TANA…        0    71  1.65e7      2 44938      26.4
10 民主        古川…  male   FURU…        0    30  1.14e7      0 43804      25.7
# ℹ 10,763 more rows
# ℹ 5 more variables: eligible <dbl>, turnout <dbl>, seshu_dummy <dbl>,
#   jiban_seshu <chr>, nojiban_seshu <chr>

5.2.5 Select variables starting with particular name: `starts_with()`

hr includes the following 22 variables:

names(hr)

 [1] "year"          "pref"          "ku"            "kun"          
 [5] "wl"            "rank"          "nocand"        "seito"        
 [9] "j_name"        "gender"        "name"          "previous"     
[13] "age"           "exp"           "status"        "vote"         
[17] "voteshare"     "eligible"      "turnout"       "seshu_dummy"  
[21] "jiban_seshu"   "nojiban_seshu"

You can select variables which start with ku in addition to j_name

hr %>% 
  select(j_name, ends_with("ku"))

# A tibble: 10,773 × 2
   j_name     ku   
   <chr>      <chr>
 1 河村たかし aichi
 2 今枝敬雄   aichi
 3 佐藤泰介   aichi
 4 岩中美保子 aichi
 5 伊東マサコ aichi
 6 山田浩     aichi
 7 浅野光雪   aichi
 8 青木宏之   aichi
 9 田辺広雄   aichi
10 古川元久   aichi
# ℹ 10,763 more rows

5.2.6 Select variables ending with particular name: `ends_with()`

You can select variables which end with seshu in addition to j_name

hr %>% 
  select(j_name, ends_with("seshu"))

# A tibble: 10,773 × 3
   j_name     jiban_seshu                    nojiban_seshu
   <chr>      <chr>                          <chr>        
 1 河村たかし <NA>                           <NA>         
 2 今枝敬雄   <NA>                           <NA>         
 3 佐藤泰介   <NA>                           <NA>         
 4 岩中美保子 <NA>                           <NA>         
 5 伊東マサコ <NA>                           <NA>         
 6 山田浩     <NA>                           <NA>         
 7 浅野光雪   <NA>                           <NA>         
 8 青木宏之   <NA>                           <NA>         
 9 田辺広雄   伯父＝加藤鐐五郎（衆議院議員） <NA>         
10 古川元久   <NA>                           <NA>         
# ℹ 10,763 more rows

5.2.7 Select varialbes in order you like

You can select variables in order you like with the following R code:

names(hr)

 [1] "year"          "pref"          "ku"            "kun"          
 [5] "wl"            "rank"          "nocand"        "seito"        
 [9] "j_name"        "gender"        "name"          "previous"     
[13] "age"           "exp"           "status"        "vote"         
[17] "voteshare"     "eligible"      "turnout"       "seshu_dummy"  
[21] "jiban_seshu"   "nojiban_seshu"

Suppose you want to select year
Also, suppose you want to select 12 variables (name to nojiban_seshu) after year
Also, suppose you want to select 9 variables (pref to gender) after seshu
You can make this happen with the following R code:

hr1 <- hr %>% 
  select(year, name:nojiban_seshu, pref:gender)

names(hr1)

 [1] "year"          "name"          "previous"      "age"          
 [5] "exp"           "status"        "vote"          "voteshare"    
 [9] "eligible"      "turnout"       "seshu_dummy"   "jiban_seshu"  
[13] "nojiban_seshu" "pref"          "ku"            "kun"          
[17] "wl"            "rank"          "nocand"        "seito"        
[21] "j_name"        "gender"

5.2.8 How to change the order of variables: `relocate()`

Suppose you do not want to select variables, and change their order
Supose you want to put the group of variables (from name to nojiban_seshu) after year

How to use relocate()

Relocate var2 after var1
data frame %>% relocate(var2, .after = var1)

Relocate var2 before var1
data frame %>% relocate(var1, .before = var2)

hr2 <- hr %>% 
  relocate(name:nojiban_seshu, .after = year)
names(hr2)

 [1] "year"          "name"          "previous"      "age"          
 [5] "exp"           "status"        "vote"          "voteshare"    
 [9] "eligible"      "turnout"       "seshu_dummy"   "jiban_seshu"  
[13] "nojiban_seshu" "pref"          "ku"            "kun"          
[17] "wl"            "rank"          "nocand"        "seito"        
[21] "j_name"        "gender"

5.3 Select a row: `filter()`

`select()`:	Select a column
`filter()`:	Select a row

How to use filter() data frame %>% filter(condition1, condition2,...)

To use filter(), you need to understand what logical operators, such as ==, >, & mean
Let’s use the data frame on Japanese lower house election hr here

names(hr)

 [1] "year"          "pref"          "ku"            "kun"          
 [5] "wl"            "rank"          "nocand"        "seito"        
 [9] "j_name"        "gender"        "name"          "previous"     
[13] "age"           "exp"           "status"        "vote"         
[17] "voteshare"     "eligible"      "turnout"       "seshu_dummy"  
[21] "jiban_seshu"   "nojiban_seshu"

Using unique(), check the elements (values) in year

unique(hr$year)

 [1] 1996 2000 2003 2005 2009 2012 2014 2017 2021 2024

Select the candidates running in the 2021 HR election

hr %>% 
  filter(year == 2021)

# A tibble: 857 × 22
    year pref  ku      kun    wl  rank nocand seito j_name gender name  previous
   <dbl> <chr> <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>  <dbl> <chr> <chr>  <chr>  <chr>    <dbl>
 1  2021 愛知  aichi     1     1     1      3 自民  熊田…  male   KUMA…        3
 2  2021 愛知  aichi     1     2     2      3 立憲  吉田…  male   YOSH…        2
 3  2021 愛知  aichi     1     0     3      3 Ｎ党  門田…  female KADO…        0
 4  2021 愛知  aichi     2     1     1      2 国民  古川…  male   FURU…        8
 5  2021 愛知  aichi     2     2     2      2 自民  中川…  male   NAKA…        0
 6  2021 愛知  aichi     3     1     1      2 立憲  近藤…  male   KOND…        8
 7  2021 愛知  aichi     3     2     2      2 自民  池田…  male   IKED…        3
 8  2021 愛知  aichi     4     1     1      3 自民  工藤…  male   KUDO…        3
 9  2021 愛知  aichi     4     2     2      3 立憲  牧義夫 male   MAKI…        6
10  2021 愛知  aichi     4     0     3      3 維新  中田…  female NAKA…        0
# ℹ 847 more rows
# ℹ 10 more variables: age <dbl>, exp <dbl>, status <dbl>, vote <dbl>,
#   voteshare <dbl>, eligible <dbl>, turnout <dbl>, seshu_dummy <dbl>,
#   jiban_seshu <chr>, nojiban_seshu <chr>

Select the LDP candidates

Using unique(), check the elements (values) in seito in the data frame hr

unique(hr$seito)

 [1] "新進"                   "自民"                   "民主"                  
 [4] "共産"                   "文化フォーラム"         "国民党"                
 [7] "無所"                   "自由連合"               "政事公団太平会"        
[10] "社民"                   "新社会"                 "日本新進"              
[13] "新党さきがけ"           "青年自由"               "さわやか神戸・市民の会"
[16] "民主改革連合"           "市民新党にいがた"       "沖縄社会大衆党"        
[19] "緑の党"                 "公明"                   "諸派"                  
[22] "保守"                   "無所属の会"             "自由"                  
[25] "改革クラブ"             "保守新"                 "新党尊命"              
[28] "ニューディールの会"     "世界経済共同体党"       "新党日本"              
[31] "国民新党"               "新党大地"               "幸福"                  
[34] "みんな"                 "改革"                   "日本未来"              
[37] "日本維新の会"           "当たり前"               "アイヌ民族党"          
[40] "政治団体代表"           "安楽死党"               "次世"                  
[43] "維新"                   "生活"                   "立憲"                  
[46] "希望"                   "緒派"                   "Ｎ党"                  
[49] "国民"                   "れい"                   "参政"

Select the LDP candidates

hr %>% 
  filter(seito == "自民")

# A tibble: 2,808 × 22
    year pref  ku      kun    wl  rank nocand seito j_name gender name  previous
   <dbl> <chr> <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>  <dbl> <chr> <chr>  <chr>  <chr>    <dbl>
 1  1996 愛知  aichi     1     0     2      7 自民  今枝…  male   IMAE…        2
 2  1996 愛知  aichi     2     0     2      8 自民  田辺…  male   TANA…        0
 3  1996 愛知  aichi     3     0     2      7 自民  片岡…  male   KATA…        2
 4  1996 愛知  aichi     4     0     2      6 自民  塚本…  male   TSUK…        9
 5  1996 愛知  aichi     5     2     2      7 自民  木村…  male   KIMU…        0
 6  1996 愛知  aichi     6     0     2      8 自民  伊藤…  male   ITO,…        0
 7  1996 愛知  aichi     7     0     2      7 自民  丹羽…  male   NIWA…        0
 8  1996 愛知  aichi     8     1     1      5 自民  久野…  male   KUNO…        2
 9  1996 愛知  aichi     9     0     2      7 自民  吉川博 male   YOSH…        0
10  1996 愛知  aichi    10     0     2      7 自民  森治男 male   MORI…        0
# ℹ 2,798 more rows
# ℹ 10 more variables: age <dbl>, exp <dbl>, status <dbl>, vote <dbl>,
#   voteshare <dbl>, eligible <dbl>, turnout <dbl>, seshu_dummy <dbl>,
#   jiban_seshu <chr>, nojiban_seshu <chr>

Simultaneously use `select()` and `filter()`

Suppose you want to select the LDP candidates (seito == "自民") running in the 2021 HR election (year == "2021")

hr2021 <- hr %>% 
  filter(year == 2021) %>% 
  filter(seito == "自民") %>% 
  select(pref:gender)

check whether you got it right

DT::datatable(hr2021)

Order matters in using both filter() and select()

① Order matters ○ `filter()` → `select()`

Suppose you use the following R code:

hr2021 <- hr %>% 
  select(pref:gender) %>% 
  filter(year == 2021) %>% 
  filter(seito == "自民")

Then the following error returns:

Error in filter():
! Problem while computing ..1 = year == 2021.
Caused by error:
! object year not found

This error tell you that object "year" not found.
It makes perfect sense that R returns this error message because you deleted year on the 2nd R code: select(pref:turnout)

Solution:

Change the order of R code as follows:

hr2021 <- hr %>% 
  filter(year == 2021) %>% 
  filter(seito == "自民") %>% 
  select(pref:gender)

② `Variable class` matters

If the variable classes you use are numeric (that is, double, numeric, or integer), then these variables include numeric elements.
If the variable class you use is character, then the elements of the variable is shown within the ""

Examples:

filter(year == 2021)・・・the variable class of the year is numeric
filter(seito == "自民")・・・the variable class of the seito is character

Select variables simultaneously satisfying 2 conditions:

Use either an operator & or ,
For instance, suppose you want to select the rows simultaneously satisfying the following two conditions from hr:

・Condition 1: Candidates nominated in the 2009 HR election (year == 2009)
・Condition 2: Female Candidates (gender == "female")

hr %>% 
  filter(year == 2021 & gender == "female") %>% # Select 2021 HR election data and female candidates  
  select(pref, kun, seito, j_name, gender, rank, wl)　# Select 7 variables

# A tibble: 140 × 7
   pref    kun seito j_name     gender  rank    wl
   <chr> <dbl> <chr> <chr>      <chr>  <dbl> <dbl>
 1 愛知      1 Ｎ党  門田節代   female     3     0
 2 愛知      4 維新  中田千代   female     3     0
 3 愛知      5 維新  岬麻紀     female     3     2
 4 愛知      7 共産  須山初美   female     3     0
 5 愛知     10 れい  安井美沙子 female     4     0
 6 青森      1 共産  斎藤美緒   female     3     0
 7 青森      2 立憲  高畑紀子   female     2     0
 8 青森      2 共産  田端深雪   female     3     0
 9 千葉      6 共産  浅野史子   female     3     0
10 千葉      7 立憲  竹内千春   female     2     0
# ℹ 130 more rows

We see the number of female candidates nominated in the 2021 HR election was 130

Select variables satisfying one of the multiple conditions:

Use the operator |
For instance, suppose you want to select the rows satisfying one of the following two conditions from hr:

・Condition 1: CDP Candidates nominated in the 2021 HR election (seito == "立憲")
・Condition 1: SDP Candidates nominated in the 2021 HR election (seito == "社民")

hr %>% 
  filter(year == 2021) %>%  # Select 2021 HR election data 
  filter(seito  == "立憲" | seito == "社民") %>%  # Select either CDP or SDP candidates   
  select(pref, kun, seito, j_name, gender, rank, wl)　# Select 7 variables

# A tibble: 223 × 7
   pref    kun seito j_name   gender  rank    wl
   <chr> <dbl> <chr> <chr>    <chr>  <dbl> <dbl>
 1 愛知      1 立憲  吉田統彦 male       2     2
 2 愛知      3 立憲  近藤昭一 male       1     1
 3 愛知      4 立憲  牧義夫   male       2     2
 4 愛知      5 立憲  西川厚志 male       2     0
 5 愛知      6 立憲  松田功   male       2     0
 6 愛知      7 立憲  森本和義 male       2     0
 7 愛知      8 立憲  伴野豊   male       2     2
 8 愛知      9 立憲  岡本充功 male       2     0
 9 愛知     10 立憲  藤原規真 male       3     0
10 愛知     12 立憲  重徳和彦 male       1     1
# ℹ 213 more rows

We see the number of the CDP or SDP candidates nominated in the 2021 HR election was 213

Select variable using both `&` and `|`

Suppose you want to select the candidates nominated in the 2021 HR election and they satisfy one of the following two conditions (1 or 2) and satisfy condition 3.

・Condition 1: CDP Candidates nominated in the 2021 HR election (seito == "立憲")
・Condition 1: SDP Candidates nominated in the 2021 HR election (seito == "社民")
・Condition 3: Winners in single-member-district (wl == 1)

hr %>% 
  filter(year == 2021) %>%   　
  filter(seito  == "立憲" | seito == "社民") %>% 
  filter(wl == 1) %>% 
  select(pref, kun, seito, j_name, gender, rank, wl)

# A tibble: 58 × 7
   pref    kun seito j_name     gender  rank    wl
   <chr> <dbl> <chr> <chr>      <chr>  <dbl> <dbl>
 1 愛知      3 立憲  近藤昭一   male       1     1
 2 愛知     12 立憲  重徳和彦   male       1     1
 3 愛知     13 立憲  大西健介   male       1     1
 4 秋田      2 立憲  緑川貴士   male       1     1
 5 千葉      1 立憲  田嶋要     male       1     1
 6 千葉      4 立憲  野田佳彦   male       1     1
 7 千葉      8 立憲  本庄知史   male       1     1
 8 千葉      9 立憲  奥野総一郎 male       1     1
 9 福岡      5 立憲  堤かなめ   female     1     1
10 福岡     10 立憲  城井崇     male       1     1
# ℹ 48 more rows

We see the number of the the CDP or the SDP single-member-district winners in the 2021 HR election was 48.

`%in%`

By using %in%, you can further simplify the R code:

hr %>% 
  filter(year == 2021) %>%   
  filter(seito %in% c("立憲","社民"), 
         wl == 1) %>% 
  select(pref, kun, seito, j_name, gender, rank, wl)

# A tibble: 58 × 7
   pref    kun seito j_name     gender  rank    wl
   <chr> <dbl> <chr> <chr>      <chr>  <dbl> <dbl>
 1 愛知      3 立憲  近藤昭一   male       1     1
 2 愛知     12 立憲  重徳和彦   male       1     1
 3 愛知     13 立憲  大西健介   male       1     1
 4 秋田      2 立憲  緑川貴士   male       1     1
 5 千葉      1 立憲  田嶋要     male       1     1
 6 千葉      4 立憲  野田佳彦   male       1     1
 7 千葉      8 立憲  本庄知史   male       1     1
 8 千葉      9 立憲  奥野総一郎 male       1     1
 9 福岡      5 立憲  堤かなめ   female     1     1
10 福岡     10 立憲  城井崇     male       1     1
# ℹ 48 more rows

6. Missing values

Usually, a data set will include missing values.
In R, you represent a missing value as NA.
Here, we delete the row which contains a missing value.
In many cases, if your data frame include missing values, then it is very likely that you cannot use a function in R.
For example, candidate election campaign expenditure (exp) includes a number of missing values.
Suppose you want to calculte the mean of exp.

mean(hr$exp)

[1] NA

You get NA

Solution ①：

You add na.rm = TRUE within mean(), excludeing the missing values in calculating the mean.

mean(hr$exp, na.rm = TRUE)

[1] 7125574

Solution ②：

Drop the missing values before calculating the mean.

You add drop_na() before calculating the mean.

hr %>% 
  drop_na(exp) %>% 
  select(year, j_name, exp)

# A tibble: 9,479 × 3
    year j_name          exp
   <dbl> <chr>         <dbl>
 1  1996 河村たかし  9828097
 2  1996 今枝敬雄    9311555
 3  1996 佐藤泰介    9231284
 4  1996 岩中美保子  2177203
 5  1996 青木宏之   12940178
 6  1996 田辺広雄   16512426
 7  1996 古川元久   11435567
 8  1996 石山淳一    2128510
 9  1996 藤原美智子  3270533
10  1996 吉田幸弘   11245219
# ℹ 9,469 more rows

Now, we see the list of those candidates (6819) who reported their campaign expenditure.
Calculate the mean of exp for these 6819 candidates.

hr1 <- hr %>% 
  drop_na(exp) %>% 
  select(year, j_name, exp)

mean(hr1$exp)

[1] 7125574

7. Exercise

・In reference to 5.3 Select a row: filter(), answer the following 2 questions:
・Use the following 7 variables

year
pref
kun
wl
seito
j_name
voteshare

・In answering these questions, use hr96-24.csv

Q1: Select the candidates with the following conditions and show the data frame with DT::datatable()

Those female candidates nominated in the 2005 HR election
Those won in the single-member-district (wl == 1)
The DPJ candidates (seito == "民主")

Q2: Select the candidates with the following conditions and show the data frame with DT::datatable()

Those female candidates nominated in the 2009 HR election
Those won in the single-member-district (wl == 1)
The DPJ candidates (seito == "民主")

References

Tidy Animated Verbs

宋財泫 (Jaehyun Song)・矢内勇生 (Yuki Yanai)「私たちのR: ベストプラクティスの探究」

宋財泫「ミクロ政治データ分析実習（2022年度）」

土井翔平（北海道大学公共政策大学院）「Rで計量政治学入門」

矢内勇生（高知工科大学）授業一覧

浅野正彦, 矢内勇生.『Rによる計量政治学』オーム社、2018年

浅野正彦, 中村公亮.『初めてのRStudio』オーム社、2018年

Winston Chang, R Graphics Cookbook, O’Reilly Media, 2012.

Kieran Healy, DATA VISUALIZATION, Princeton, 2019

Kosuke Imai, Quantitative Social Science: An Introduction, Princeton University Press, 2017

1. Data Handling (Basic)

Masahiko Asano

2025-10-29

Menu:

1. data frame

1.1 How to make a variable

1.2 Make a data frame with variables

1.3 Add a new variable to data frame

1.4 How to merge data frames

2. Basics on data handling

2.1 Fila and folder

2.2 Path

2.3 Working directory

2.4 User names and folder names

3. Load an embedded data in R

4. Load a data besides embedded data in R

text data

binary data

Why you should not use MS Office Excel but LibreOffice

Solution:

4.1 How to read a .csv file

Check whether you safely read the data

When you fail to read a csv file — 2 ways of solutions:

Open your csv file on your EXCEL

Open your csv file on Libre Office

4.2 How to read an .xls[x] file

4.3 How to read an .dta file

4.4 How to rea an .Rds file

5. What you can do with {tidyverse}?

1. install {tidyverse}

2. Read {tidyverse}

5.1 Pipes (%>%)

Let’s take a look at an exmple of using the pipe

If you don’t use pipes,…

5.2 Data preparation

5.2 Select a column: select()

5.2.1 Select a column (select consequtive variables)

5.2.2 Simultaneously select a column and change the column name

5.2.3 Change the name of a variable

5.2.4 How NOT to select a variable

5.2.5 Select variables starting with particular name: starts_with()

5.2.6 Select variables ending with particular name: ends_with()

5.2.7 Select varialbes in order you like

5.2.8 How to change the order of variables: relocate()

5.3 Select a row: filter()

Select the candidates running in the 2021 HR election

Select the LDP candidates

Simultaneously use select() and filter()

① Order matters ○ filter() → select()

Solution:

② Variable class matters

Examples:

Select variables simultaneously satisfying 2 conditions:

Select variables satisfying one of the multiple conditions:

Select variable using both & and |

%in%

6. Missing values

Solution ①：

Solution ②：

Drop the missing values before calculating the mean.

7. Exercise

4.1 How to read a `.csv` file

4.2 How to read an `.xls[x]` file

4.3 How to read an `.dta` file

4.4 How to rea an `.Rds` file

5. What you can do with `{tidyverse}`?

1. install `{tidyverse}`

2. Read `{tidyverse}`

5.1 Pipes (`%>%`)

5.2 Select a column: `select()`

5.2.5 Select variables starting with particular name: `starts_with()`

5.2.6 Select variables ending with particular name: `ends_with()`

5.2.8 How to change the order of variables: `relocate()`

5.3 Select a row: `filter()`

Simultaneously use `select()` and `filter()`

① Order matters ○ `filter()` → `select()`

② `Variable class` matters

Select variable using both `&` and `|`

`%in%`